What is the effect of stable air on turbulence?

Stable air typically leads to a smooth flying experience because it is characterized by a well-defined vertical temperature gradient. In stable conditions, the air does not readily rise and fall due to thermal columns, which helps to reduce vertical movements and turbulence. The layers of stable air inhibit the mixing of warmer and cooler air, resulting in a more tranquil atmosphere.

When stable air is present, you can expect less turbulence as the air remains relatively uniform and consistent in motion. This contrasts with unstable air, where thermal activity can trigger turbulence due to the rise of warm air and descent of cooler air, leading to a more chaotic environment.

While the other options mention conditions that could symbolize turbulence, they do not accurately describe the characteristic smoothness that comes with stable air. Smooth air allows for a more comfortable and predictable flight, which is an essential consideration for pilots and passengers alike.